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                                  EXHIBIT 1                   ------------------

                 MORGAN STANLEY, DEAN WITTER, DISCOVER & CO.

                           SECRETARY'S CERTIFICATE
                                      I,  Charlene R.  Herzer,  a duly  elected
        and Assistant  Secretary of Morgan  Stanley  Dean Witter & Co., a
        corporation  organized and existing  under the laws of the State
        of Delaware  (the "Corporation"),  certify that Stuart J.M.  Breslow,
        Robert G. Koppenol and Dennine  Bullard are authorized to sign reports
        to be filed under Sections 13 and 16 of the Securities  Exchange Act of
        1934 (the "Act")  pursuant to the following:
            (1)      On May 31,  1997,  the Board of  Directors  of the
                     Corporation  granted  authority  to Stuart J.M.
                     Breslow  and Robert G.  Koppenol  to sign  reports to be
                     filed  under  Sections 13 and 16 of the Act on behalf of
                     the Corporation

             (2)      On February 23, 2000, Donald G. Kempf,  Jr., the Executive
                      Vice President,  Chief Legal Officer and Secretary of the
                      Corporation,  delegated  authority to Dennine Bullard to
                      sign reports to be filed under Sections 13 and 16 of the
                      Act on behalf of the  Corporation.  Pursuant  to  Section
                      7.01 of the  Bylaws of the  Corporation  and resolutions
                      approved by the Board of Directors of the Corporation on
                      September 25,  1998, the Chief Legal Officer is authorized
                      to enter into  agreements and other  instruments on behalf
                      of the Corporation and may delegate such powers to others
                      under his jurisdiction.

          IN WITNESS  WHEREOF,  I have hereunto set my name and affixed the seal
          of the Corporation as of the 1st day of March, 2000.

                                                ______________________________
                                                Charlene R. Herzer
                                                Assistant Secretary